/*
  Copyright (c) 2008, Adobe Systems Incorporated
  All rights reserved.

  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  met:

  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, 
    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  
  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 
    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  
  * Neither the name of Adobe Systems Incorporated nor the names of its 
    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from 
    this software without specific prior written permission.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
  IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
  THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
  PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR 
  CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
  EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
  PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
  PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
  NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

package com.adobe.serialization.json
{
	
	public class JSONTokenizer
	{
		
		/**
		 * Flag indicating if the tokenizer should only recognize
		 * standard JSON tokens.  Setting to <code>false</code> allows
		 * tokens such as NaN and allows numbers to be formatted as
		 * hex, etc.
		 */
		private var strict:Boolean;
		
		/** The object that will get parsed from the JSON string */
		private var obj:Object;
		
		/** The JSON string to be parsed */
		private var jsonString:String;
		
		/** The current parsing location in the JSON string */
		private var loc:int;
		
		/** The current character in the JSON string during parsing */
		private var ch:String;
		
		/**
		 * The regular expression used to make sure the string does not
		 * contain invalid control characters.
		 */
		private const controlCharsRegExp:RegExp = /[\x00-\x1F]/;
		
		/**
		 * Constructs a new JSONDecoder to parse a JSON string
		 * into a native object.
		 *
		 * @param s The JSON string to be converted
		 *		into a native object
		 */
		public function JSONTokenizer( s:String, strict:Boolean )
		{
			jsonString = s;
			this.strict = strict;
			loc = 0;
			
			// prime the pump by getting the first character
			nextChar();
		}
		
		/**
		 * Gets the next token in the input sting and advances
		 * the character to the next character after the token
		 */
		public function getNextToken():JSONToken
		{
			var token:JSONToken = null;
			
			// skip any whitespace / comments since the last 
			// token was read
			skipIgnored();
			
			// examine the new character and see what we have...
			switch ( ch )
			{
				case '{':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.LEFT_BRACE, ch );
					nextChar();
					break
				
				case '}':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.RIGHT_BRACE, ch );
					nextChar();
					break
				
				case '[':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.LEFT_BRACKET, ch );
					nextChar();
					break
				
				case ']':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.RIGHT_BRACKET, ch );
					nextChar();
					break
				
				case ',':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.COMMA, ch );
					nextChar();
					break
				
				case ':':
					token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.COLON, ch );
					nextChar();
					break;
				
				case 't': // attempt to read true
					var possibleTrue:String = "t" + nextChar() + nextChar() + nextChar();
					
					if ( possibleTrue == "true" )
					{
						token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.TRUE, true );
						nextChar();
					}
					else
					{
						parseError( "Expecting 'true' but found " + possibleTrue );
					}
					
					break;
				
				case 'f': // attempt to read false
					var possibleFalse:String = "f" + nextChar() + nextChar() + nextChar() + nextChar();
					
					if ( possibleFalse == "false" )
					{
						token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.FALSE, false );
						nextChar();
					}
					else
					{
						parseError( "Expecting 'false' but found " + possibleFalse );
					}
					
					break;
				
				case 'n': // attempt to read null
					var possibleNull:String = "n" + nextChar() + nextChar() + nextChar();
					
					if ( possibleNull == "null" )
					{
						token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.NULL, null );
						nextChar();
					}
					else
					{
						parseError( "Expecting 'null' but found " + possibleNull );
					}
					
					break;
				
				case 'N': // attempt to read NaN
					var possibleNaN:String = "N" + nextChar() + nextChar();
					
					if ( possibleNaN == "NaN" )
					{
						token = JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.NAN, NaN );
						nextChar();
					}
					else
					{
						parseError( "Expecting 'NaN' but found " + possibleNaN );
					}
					
					break;
				
				case '"': // the start of a string
					token = readString();
					break;
				
				default:
					// see if we can read a number
					if ( isDigit( ch ) || ch == '-' )
					{
						token = readNumber();
					}
					else if ( ch == '' )
					{
						// check for reading past the end of the string
						token = null;
					}
					else
					{
						// not sure what was in the input string - it's not
						// anything we expected
						parseError( "Unexpected " + ch + " encountered" );
					}
			}
			
			return token;
		}
		
		/**
		 * Attempts to read a string from the input string.  Places
		 * the character location at the first character after the
		 * string.  It is assumed that ch is " before this method is called.
		 *
		 * @return the JSONToken with the string value if a string could
		 *		be read.  Throws an error otherwise.
		 */
		private final function readString():JSONToken
		{
			// Rather than examine the string character-by-character, it's
			// faster to use indexOf to try to and find the closing quote character
			// and then replace escape sequences after the fact.
			
			// Start at the current input stream position
			var quoteIndex:int = loc;
			do
			{
				// Find the next quote in the input stream
				quoteIndex = jsonString.indexOf( "\"", quoteIndex );
				
				if ( quoteIndex >= 0 )
				{
					// We found the next double quote character in the string, but we need
					// to make sure it is not part of an escape sequence.
					
					// Keep looping backwards while the previous character is a backslash
					var backspaceCount:int = 0;
					var backspaceIndex:int = quoteIndex - 1;
					while ( jsonString.charAt( backspaceIndex ) == "\\" )
					{
						backspaceCount++;
						backspaceIndex--;
					}
					
					// If we have an even number of backslashes, that means this is the ending quote 
					if ( ( backspaceCount & 1 ) == 0 )
					{
						break;
					}
					
					// At this point, the quote was determined to be part of an escape sequence
					// so we need to move past the quote index to look for the next one
					quoteIndex++;
				}
				else // There are no more quotes in the string and we haven't found the end yet
				{
					parseError( "Unterminated string literal" );
				}
			} while ( true );
			
			// Unescape the string
			// the token for the string we'll try to read
			var token:JSONToken = JSONToken.create( 
					JSONTokenType.STRING,
					// Attach resulting string to the token to return it
					unescapeString( jsonString.substr( loc, quoteIndex - loc ) ) );
			
			// Move past the closing quote in the input string.  This updates the next
			// character in the input stream to be the character one after the closing quote
			loc = quoteIndex + 1;
			nextChar();
			
			return token;
		}
		
		/**
		 * Convert all JavaScript escape characters into normal characters
		 *
		 * @param input The input string to convert
		 * @return Original string with escape characters replaced by real characters
		 */
		public function unescapeString( input:String ):String
		{
			// Issue #104 - If the string contains any unescaped control characters, this
			// is an error in strict mode
			if ( strict && controlCharsRegExp.test( input ) )
			{
				parseError( "String contains unescaped control character (0x00-0x1F)" );
			}
			
			var result:String = "";
			var backslashIndex:int = 0;
			var nextSubstringStartPosition:int = 0;
			var len:int = input.length;
			do
			{
				// Find the next backslash in the input
				backslashIndex = input.indexOf( '\\', nextSubstringStartPosition );
				
				if ( backslashIndex >= 0 )
				{
					result += input.substr( nextSubstringStartPosition, backslashIndex - nextSubstringStartPosition );
					
					// Move past the backslash and next character (all escape sequences are
					// two characters, except for \u, which will advance this further)
					nextSubstringStartPosition = backslashIndex + 2;
					
					// Check the next character so we know what to escape
					var escapedChar:String = input.charAt( backslashIndex + 1 );
					switch ( escapedChar )
					{
						// Try to list the most common expected cases first to improve performance
						
						case '"':
							result += escapedChar;
							break; // quotation mark
						case '\\':
							result += escapedChar;
							break; // reverse solidus	
						case 'n':
							result += '\n';
							break; // newline
						case 'r':
							result += '\r';
							break; // carriage return
						case 't':
							result += '\t';
							break; // horizontal tab	
						
						// Convert a unicode escape sequence to it's character value
						case 'u':
							
							// Save the characters as a string we'll convert to an int
							var hexValue:String = "";
							
							var unicodeEndPosition:int = nextSubstringStartPosition + 4;
							
							// Make sure there are enough characters in the string leftover
							if ( unicodeEndPosition > len )
							{
								parseError( "Unexpected end of input.  Expecting 4 hex digits after \\u." );
							}
							
							// Try to find 4 hex characters
							for ( var i:int = nextSubstringStartPosition; i < unicodeEndPosition; i++ )
							{
								// get the next character and determine
								// if it's a valid hex digit or not
								var possibleHexChar:String = input.charAt( i );
								if ( !isHexDigit( possibleHexChar ) )
								{
									parseError( "Excepted a hex digit, but found: " + possibleHexChar );
								}
								
								// Valid hex digit, add it to the value
								hexValue += possibleHexChar;
							}
							
							// Convert hexValue to an integer, and use that
							// integer value to create a character to add
							// to our string.
							result += String.fromCharCode( parseInt( hexValue, 16 ) );
							
							// Move past the 4 hex digits that we just read
							nextSubstringStartPosition = unicodeEndPosition;
							break;
						
						case 'f':
							result += '\f';
							break; // form feed
						case '/':
							result += '/';
							break; // solidus
						case 'b':
							result += '\b';
							break; // bell
						default:
							result += '\\' + escapedChar; // Couldn't unescape the sequence, so just pass it through
					}
				}
				else
				{
					// No more backslashes to replace, append the rest of the string
					result += input.substr( nextSubstringStartPosition );
					break;
				}
				
			} while ( nextSubstringStartPosition < len );
			
			return result;
		}
		
		/**
		 * Attempts to read a number from the input string.  Places
		 * the character location at the first character after the
		 * number.
		 *
		 * @return The JSONToken with the number value if a number could
		 * 		be read.  Throws an error otherwise.
		 */
		private final function readNumber():JSONToken
		{
			// the string to accumulate the number characters
			// into that we'll convert to a number at the end
			var input:String = "";
			
			// check for a negative number
			if ( ch == '-' )
			{
				input += '-';
				nextChar();
			}
			
			// the number must start with a digit
			if ( !isDigit( ch ) )
			{
				parseError( "Expecting a digit" );
			}
			
			// 0 can only be the first digit if it
			// is followed by a decimal point
			if ( ch == '0' )
			{
				input += ch;
				nextChar();
				
				// make sure no other digits come after 0
				if ( isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					parseError( "A digit cannot immediately follow 0" );
				}
				// unless we have 0x which starts a hex number, but this
				// doesn't match JSON spec so check for not strict mode.
				else if ( !strict && ch == 'x' )
				{
					// include the x in the input
					input += ch;
					nextChar();
					
					// need at least one hex digit after 0x to
					// be valid
					if ( isHexDigit( ch ) )
					{
						input += ch;
						nextChar();
					}
					else
					{
						parseError( "Number in hex format require at least one hex digit after \"0x\"" );
					}
					
					// consume all of the hex values
					while ( isHexDigit( ch ) )
					{
						input += ch;
						nextChar();
					}
				}
			}
			else
			{
				// read numbers while we can
				while ( isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					input += ch;
					nextChar();
				}
			}
			
			// check for a decimal value
			if ( ch == '.' )
			{
				input += '.';
				nextChar();
				
				// after the decimal there has to be a digit
				if ( !isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					parseError( "Expecting a digit" );
				}
				
				// read more numbers to get the decimal value
				while ( isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					input += ch;
					nextChar();
				}
			}
			
			// check for scientific notation
			if ( ch == 'e' || ch == 'E' )
			{
				input += "e"
				nextChar();
				// check for sign
				if ( ch == '+' || ch == '-' )
				{
					input += ch;
					nextChar();
				}
				
				// require at least one number for the exponent
				// in this case
				if ( !isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					parseError( "Scientific notation number needs exponent value" );
				}
				
				// read in the exponent
				while ( isDigit( ch ) )
				{
					input += ch;
					nextChar();
				}
			}
			
			// convert the string to a number value
			var num:Number = Number( input );
			
			if ( isFinite( num ) && !isNaN( num ) )
			{
				// the token for the number that we've read
				return JSONToken.create( JSONTokenType.NUMBER, num );
			}
			else
			{
				parseError( "Number " + num + " is not valid!" );
			}
			
			return null;
		}
		
		/**
		 * Reads the next character in the input
		 * string and advances the character location.
		 *
		 * @return The next character in the input string, or
		 *		null if we've read past the end.
		 */
		private final function nextChar():String
		{
			return ch = jsonString.charAt( loc++ );
		}
		
		/**
		 * Advances the character location past any
		 * sort of white space and comments
		 */
		private final function skipIgnored():void
		{
			var originalLoc:int;
			
			// keep trying to skip whitespace and comments as long
			// as we keep advancing past the original location 
			do
			{
				originalLoc = loc;
				skipWhite();
				skipComments();
			} while ( originalLoc != loc );
		}
		
		/**
		 * Skips comments in the input string, either
		 * single-line or multi-line.  Advances the character
		 * to the first position after the end of the comment.
		 */
		private function skipComments():void
		{
			if ( ch == '/' )
			{
				// Advance past the first / to find out what type of comment
				nextChar();
				switch ( ch )
				{
					case '/': // single-line comment, read through end of line
						
						// Loop over the characters until we find
						// a newline or until there's no more characters left
						do
						{
							nextChar();
						} while ( ch != '\n' && ch != '' )
						
						// move past the \n
						nextChar();
						
						break;
					
					case '*': // multi-line comment, read until closing */
						
						// move past the opening *
						nextChar();
						
						// try to find a trailing */
						while ( true )
						{
							if ( ch == '*' )
							{
								// check to see if we have a closing /
								nextChar();
								if ( ch == '/' )
								{
									// move past the end of the closing */
									nextChar();
									break;
								}
							}
							else
							{
								// move along, looking if the next character is a *
								nextChar();
							}
							
							// when we're here we've read past the end of 
							// the string without finding a closing */, so error
							if ( ch == '' )
							{
								parseError( "Multi-line comment not closed" );
							}
						}
						
						break;
					
					// Can't match a comment after a /, so it's a parsing error
					default:
						parseError( "Unexpected " + ch + " encountered (expecting '/' or '*' )" );
				}
			}
		
		}
		
		
		/**
		 * Skip any whitespace in the input string and advances
		 * the character to the first character after any possible
		 * whitespace.
		 */
		private final function skipWhite():void
		{
			// As long as there are spaces in the input 
			// stream, advance the current location pointer
			// past them
			while ( isWhiteSpace( ch ) )
			{
				nextChar();
			}
		
		}
		
		/**
		 * Determines if a character is whitespace or not.
		 *
		 * @return True if the character passed in is a whitespace
		 *	character
		 */
		private final function isWhiteSpace( ch:String ):Boolean
		{
			// Check for the whitespace defined in the spec
			if ( ch == ' ' || ch == '\t' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r' )
			{
				return true;
			}
			// If we're not in strict mode, we also accept non-breaking space
			else if ( !strict && ch.charCodeAt( 0 ) == 160 )
			{
				return true;
			}
			
			return false;
		}
		
		/**
		 * Determines if a character is a digit [0-9].
		 *
		 * @return True if the character passed in is a digit
		 */
		private final function isDigit( ch:String ):Boolean
		{
			return ( ch >= '0' && ch <= '9' );
		}
		
		/**
		 * Determines if a character is a hex digit [0-9A-Fa-f].
		 *
		 * @return True if the character passed in is a hex digit
		 */
		private final function isHexDigit( ch:String ):Boolean
		{
			return ( isDigit( ch ) || ( ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F' ) || ( ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f' ) );
		}
		
		/**
		 * Raises a parsing error with a specified message, tacking
		 * on the error location and the original string.
		 *
		 * @param message The message indicating why the error occurred
		 */
		public final function parseError( message:String ):void
		{
			throw new JSONParseError( message, loc, jsonString );
		}
	}

}
